Even though numerous reported works on LOC devices have been published, however,

the transition of the LOC devices from lab prototyping to commercialization is still

challenging. The main challenges are to develop LOC devices that are cost-efficient,

simple to operate, and robust. In the future, the development of LOC devices based on

paper, cloth, flexible substrates, or biopolymer materials as the substrate is an interesting

field to explore. The reasons are that those substrates are cost-efficient and able to control

fluid flow. New trends in LOC devices also should focus on the integration of LOC de­

vices with the Internet of Things (IoT) and through a smartphone connection and big data

for simple readouts and data storage.

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